Amorfiset piikalvot : valmistus, karakterisointi ja ominaisuuksien muokkaus

Puolijohteet muodostavat koko nykypäivänä tunnetun elektroniikan perustan. Puolijohdemateriaaleista käytetyin materiaali on pii, ja siitä valmistetaan esimerkiksi transistoreja ja aurinkokennoja. Tehokkaimmat piitä käyttävät laitteet ja sovellukset käyttävät kiteistä piitä. Ominaisuuksiltaan se soveltuisi kaikkiin piitä käyttäviin sovelluksiin, mutta joidenkin kohdalla valmistus olisi erittäin hankalaa tai mahdotonta. Tämän vuoksi piiteknologiaa kehitettään jatkuvasti mm. tutkimalla piin eri kiderakennemuotojen, eli monikiteisen ja amorfisen piin käyttöä sovelluksissa. Amorfista piitä käyttämällä on mahdollista laskea valmistuskustannuksia, kuten aurinkokennoissa, tai valmistaa laitteita, joita ei olisi kiteisestä piistä mahdollista valmistaa, kuten ohutkalvotransistoreja. Jotta materiaalia on kuitenkin mahdollista käyttää sovelluksissa tehokkaasti, on sen ominaisuudet tunnettava hyvin. Amorfisen piin sähköiset ominaisuudet eroavat kiteisestä piistä selvästi olemalla tyypillisesti heikommat kaikilla mittareilla. Niitä on kuitenkin mahdollista parantaa esimerkiksi vetykäsittelemällä, jolloin amorfisuudesta johtuvat virheet passivoituvat, aiheuttaen vähemmän sähköisiä vikatiloja. Tässä tutkielmassa valmistettiin amorfisia piikalvoja höyrystämällä piitä tyhjiössä. Kalvojen resistiivisyydet määritettiin nelipistemittauksella, ja mittaukset toistettiin useasti kalvojen valmistuksen jälkeen, jotta resistiivisyyden mahdolliset muutokset valolle ja ilmalle altistumisen vuoksi oli mahdollista havaita. Kalvojen resistiivisyydet osoittautuivat stabiileiksi. Kahta valmistetuista näytteistä vety- ja lämpökäsiteltiin höyrystämisen jälkeen vedyn vaikutuksen tutkimiseksi. Käsittelyt kasvattivat resistiivisyyttä, ja työssä käydään läpi mahdollisia syitä tälle havainnolle. Mahdollisia tekijöitä ovat piristysatomien passivoituminen, kalvon hapettuminen sekä hallitsevan johtumismekanismin vaihtuminen

Akuutin akillesrepeämän hoito

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Jalan murskavamma - amputaatio vai rekonstruktio?

English summar

Anemia and low-grade inflammation in pediatric kidney transplant recipients

Anemia and low-grade inflammation are reported to be associated with impaired long-term graft outcome in renal transplant (RTx) recipients. In this study, hemoglobin (Hb) and inflammation marker levels were correlated with measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in 128 pediatric RTx recipients over a median follow-up period of 10 years. Serum levels of erythropoietin (EPO), hepcidin-25, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) (hsCRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and GFR was analyzed by Cr-51-EDTA clearance. The median levels of Hb (115 g/L), hsCRP (0.4 mg/L) and IL-6 (1.4 pg/mL) and the median erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; 19 mm/h) remained stable after the first post-operative year. However, approximately half of the patients had a normocytic, normochromic anemia, and one-third had elevated levels of hsCRP (> 1 mg/L) and ESR (> 25 mm/h), indicating continuous low-grade inflammation. Low Hb levels preceded increased fibrosis in protocol biopsies taken at 1.5 and 3 years after transplantation and preceded decreased GFR by several years. Hb levels showed an inverse correlation with EPO levels (r = -0.206, p = 0.038) and ESR (r = -0.369, p <0.001), but not with hepcidin-25, hsCRP or IL-6 levels. The levels of the major inflammatory markers IL-6 and hsCRP did not show a significant correlation with GFR at either the early maintenance phase or later. In the multivariable analysis, low Hb levels performed better than any other marker with respect to predicting concomitant and subsequent GFR. Anemia, but not elevated inflammatory indices, was associated with poor concomitant and subsequent graft function during a 10-year follow-up in pediatric RTx patients.Peer reviewe

Quantifying and resolving conservation conflicts in forest landscapes via multiobjective optimization

Environmental planning for of the maintenance of different conservation objectives should take into account multiple contrasting criteria based on alternative uses of the landscape. We develop new concepts and approaches to describe and measure conflicts among conservation objectives and for resolving them via multiobjective optimization. To measure conflicts we introduce a compatibility index that quantifies how much targeting a certain conservation objective affects the capacity of the landscape for providing another objective. To resolve such conflicts we find compromise solutions defined in terms of minimax regret, i.e. minimizing the maximum percentage of deterioration among conservation objectives. Finally, we apply our approach for a case study of management for biodiversity conservation and development in a forest landscape. We study conflicts between six different forest species, and we identify management solutions for simultaneously maintaining multiple species’ habitat while obtaining timber harvest revenues. We employ the method for resolving conflicts at a large landscape level across a long 50-years forest planning horizon. Our multiobjective approach can be an instrument for guiding hard choices in the conservation-development nexus with a perspective of developing decision support tools for land use planning. In our case study multiple use management and careful landscape level planning using our approach can reduce conflicts among biodiversity objectives and offer room for synergies in forest ecosystems.peerReviewe

Finnish agriculture and rural industries 2007

The report consists of following topics: operating environment of agriculture, agricultural and food market, agricultural policy, economic situation of agriculture, agriculture and the environment, rural and regional policy, special topics: biogas etc

Treatment of hallux rigidus (HARD trial) : study protocol of a prospective, randomised, controlled trial of arthrodesis versus watchful waiting in the treatment of a painful osteoarthritic first metatarsophalangeal joint

Introduction Hallux rigidus is a common problem of pain and stiffness of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) caused mainly by degenerative osteoarthritis. Several operative techniques have been introduced for the treatment of this condition without high-quality evidence comparing surgical to non-surgical care. In this trial, the most common surgical procedure, arthrodesis, will be compared with watchful waiting in the management of hallux rigidus. Methods and analysis Ninety patients (40 years or older) with symptomatic first MTPJ osteoarthritis will be randomised to arthrodesis or watchful waiting in a ratio of 1:1. The primary outcome will be pain during walking, assessed using the 0-10 Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) at 1 year after randomisation. The secondary outcomes will be pain at rest (NRS), physical function (Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire), patient satisfaction in terms of the patient-acceptable symptom state, health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), activity level (The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure Sports subscale), use of analgesics or orthoses and the rate of complications. Our null hypothesis is that there will be no difference equal to or greater than the minimal important difference of the primary outcome measure between arthrodesis and watchful waiting. Our primary analysis follows an intention-to-treat principle. Ethics and dissemination The study protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District, Finland. Written informed consent will be obtained from all the participants. We will disseminate the findings of this study through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. Protocol version 21 June 2021 V.2.0.Peer reviewe

Comparison of EQ-5D and 15D instruments for assessing the health-related quality of life in cardiac surgery patients

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Integrating Prisoners of War Dataset into the WarSampo Linked Data Infrastructure

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